Don Fullerton, University of Texas at Austin

Abstract

Regulations that restrict pollution by firms also affect decisions about use of labor and capital. They thus affect relative factor prices, total production, and output prices. For non-revenue-raising environmental mandates, what are the general equilibrium impacts on the wage, the return to capital, and relative output prices? Perhaps surprisingly, we cannot find any existing literature that even asks that question, in any model. This paper starts with the standard two-sector tax incidence model and modifies one sector to include pollution as a factor of production that can be a complement or substitute for labor or for capital. We then look not at taxes but at four types of mandates, and for each mandate determine conditions that place more of the burden on labor or on capital. Stricter regulation does not always place less burden on the factor that is a better substitute for pollution. Also, a restriction on the absolute amount of pollution creates scarcity rents, and it thus raises the dirty sector's output price by more than a relative restriction on pollution per unit of output. In some perverse cases that we identify, some of those policies might reduce the dirty sector's output price.